Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah

Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Hussein Fadl-Allāh
Religion Twelver Shi`a Islam
Other name(s) Arabic: السيد محمد حسين فضل الله
Personal
Born November 16, 1935(1935-11-16)
Najaf, Kingdom of Iraq
Died July 4, 2010(2010-07-04) (aged 74)[1]
Beirut, Lebanon
Senior posting
Based in Beirut, Lebanon
Title Grand Ayatollah
Period in office 1989–2010
Religious career
Post Grand Ayatollah
Website bayynat.org.lb (Arabic, French, English)
bayynat.ir (Persian , Urdu)

Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Hussein Fadl-Allāh (Arabic: محمد حسين فضل الله‎) (also Sayyed Muhammad Hussein Fadl-Allāh) (November 16, 1935 – July 4, 2010) was a prominent Lebanese Twelver Shi'a marja.[2]

From a Lebanese family, but born in Najaf, Iraq, Fadlallah studied Islamic sciences in Najaf before moving to Lebanon in 1952. In the following decades, he gave many lectures, engaged in intense scholarship, wrote dozens of books, founded several Islamic religious schools, and established the Mabarrat Association. Through the aforementioned association he established a public library, a women's cultural center, and a medical clinic.

Fadlallah was sometimes called the "spiritual mentor" of Hezbollah in the media, although this was disputed by other sources. He was also the target of several assassination attempts, including a car bombing in Beirut in 1985.[3]

His death was followed by a huge turnout in Lebanon, visits by virtually all major political figures across the Lebanese spectrum (except for Maronite patriarch Nasrallah Sfeir), and statements of condolence from across the greater Middle East region (with a notable exception of Egypt); but it also led to controversy in the west and a denunciation in Israel.

Contents

Biography

Early life

Fadl-Allāh was born in the Iraqi Shia shrine city of Najaf on November 16, 1935. His parents, Abdulraouf Fadlullah and al-Hajja Raoufa Hassan Bazzi,[4] had migrated there from the village of 'Aynata in South Lebanon in 1928 to learn theology. By the time of his birth, his father was already a Muslim scholar.[5]

Education

Fadl-Allāh went first to a traditional school (Kuttāb) to learn the Quran and the basic skills of reading and writing. He soon left and went to a more "modern" school that was established by the publisher Jamiat Muntada Al-Nasher where he remained for two years and studied in the third and fourth elementary classes.

At these schools he began studying the religious sciences at a very young age. He started to read the Ajroumiah when he was nine years old, and then he read Qatr al-Nada wa Bal Al-Sada (Ibn Hisham).

He completed Sutouh in which the student reads the book and listens to his teacher’s explanation. He also studied the Arabic language, logic and Jurisprudence, and did not need another teacher until he studied the second part of the course known as Kifayat at Usul which he studied with an Iranian teacher named Sheikh mujtaba Al-Linkarani. He attended the so-called Bahth Al-Kharij in which the teacher does not restrict himself to a certain book but gives more or less free lectures. Fadl-Allāh published a minor periodical before going to Lebanon. At the age of ten, he put out a handwritten literary journal with some of his friends.[6]

Return to Lebanon

After 21 years of studying under the prominent teachers of the Najaf religious university he concluded his studies in 1966 and returned to Lebanon. He had already visited Lebanon in 1952 where he recited a poem eulogizing Muhsin Al-Amin at his funeral.

In 1966 Fadl-Allāh received an invitation from a group who had established a society called ”Usrat Ataakhi” (The family of Fraternity) to come and live with them in the area of Naba’a in Eastern Beirut. He agreed, especially as the conditions at Najaf impelled him to leave.

In Naba’a Fadl-Allāh began his work, by organizing cultural seminars and delivering religious speeches that discussed social issues as well.

Nevertheless, Fadl-Allāh’s main concern was to continue to develop his academic work. Thus he founded a religious school called The Islamic Sharia Institute in which several students enrolled who later became prominent religious scholars including Sheikh Ragib Harb. He also established a public library, a women’s cultural center and a medical clinic.

When the Lebanese Civil War forced him to leave the area, he moved to the Southern Suburbs where he started to give priority to teaching and educating the people. He used the mosque as his center for holding daily prayers giving lessons in Qur'anic interpretation, as well as religious and moral speeches, especially on religious occasions such as Ashura. He soon resumed his academic work and began to give daily lessons in Islamic principles, jurisprudence and morals.

Assassination attempt

Further information: 1985 Beirut car bombing

As one of the alleged leaders of Hezbollah, a status both he and the group denied[7] he was the target of several assassination attempts, including the allegedly CIA-sponsored and funded [8] March 8, 1985 Beirut car bombing that killed 80 people.[9][10]

On 8 March 1985, a car bomb equivalent to 440 lb (200 kg) of dynamite exploded 9–45 metres[11][12] from his house in Beirut, Lebanon. The blast destroyed a 7 story apartment building, a cinema, killed 80 people and wounded 256. The attack was timed to go off as worshippers were leaving Friday Prayers. Most of the dead were girls and women, who had been leaving the mosque, though the ferocity of the blast "burned babies in their beds," "killed a bride buying her trousseau," and "blew away three children as they walked home from the mosque." It also "devastated the main street of the densely populated" West Beirut suburb.[13][14] but Fadl-Allāh escaped injury. One of his bodyguards at the time was Imad Mughniyeh, who was later assassinated in a car-bombing in February 2008.[15]

According to Bob Woodward, CIA director William Casey was involved in the attack, which he suggests was carried out with funding from Saudi Arabia.[16] Former Lebanese warlord and statesman Elie Hobeika was fingered as one of those likely responsible for the actual operation.[17]

During the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah war, Israeli warplanes bombed his two-story house in Beirut's southern Haret Hreik neighborhood. Fadlallah was not at home at the time of the bombing, which reduced the house to rubble.[18]

Opposition from Grand Ayatollahs

Fadlallah has been subject to much criticism from many Grand Ayatollahs and the highest ranking scholars. The following is list of just a few of the many Grand Ayatollahs who have opposed him and/or his teachings.

− Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Vahid Khorasani[19]

− Grand Ayatollah Sayed Sadiq Roohani[20]

− Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Makarem Shirazi[21]

− Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Bashir Najafi[22]

− Grand Ayatollah Sayed Mohammad Hussaini Shirazi[23]

− Grand Ayatollah Sayed Mohammad Shahroudi[24]

− Grand Ayatollah Sayed Kadhim Haeri[25][26]

− Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Mohammad Sadiq Sadr[27]

− Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Khonsari Najafi[28]

− Grand Ayatollah Sayed Baqir Shirazi[29]

− Grand Ayatollah Sayed Mohammad Ali Modarresi[30]

− Grand Ayatollah Sayed Mahdi Mar'ashi[31]

Hezbollah connection

He has been variously attributed by the media as being the spiritual leader of Hezbollah. Al Manar said he had at least "inspired the leaders" of the group. It added that "From the pulpit of the Imam Rida mosque in the Bir al-Abd neighborhood, Sayyed Fadlullah’s sermons gave shape to the political currents among mainly the Muslim Shiite sect [of Lebanon], from the latter half of the 1980s till the last days of his life."[32] Although other sources such as noted journalist Robert Fisk also refuted such claims that he was affiliated with the group.[33]

Views

Part of a series on Shī‘ah Islam
Twelvers
The Fourteen Infallibles

Muhammad · Fatimah · and
The Twelve Imams:
Ali · Hasan · Husayn
al-Sajjad · al-Baqir · al-Sadiq
al-Kadhim · al-Rida · al-Taqi
al-Naqi · al-Askari · al-Mahdi
Concepts

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Occultation (Minor · Major)
Akhbar · Usul · Ijtihad
Taqleed · 'Aql · Irfan
Mahdaviat
Principles

Monotheism
Judgement Day · Justice
Prophethood · Imamate
Practices

Prayer · Fasting · Pilgrimage
Charity · Taxes · Jihad
Command Justice · Forbid Evil
Love the family of Muhammad
Dissociate from their Enemies
Holy cities

Mecca · Medina
Najaf · Karbala · Mashhad
Samarra · Kadhimayn
Groups

Usuli · Akhbari · Shaykhi
Nimatullahi · Safaviya
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Scholarship

Marja · Hawza  · Ayatollah · Allamah
Hojatoleslam · Mujtahid
List of marjas · List of Ayatollahs
Hadith collections

Peak of Eloquence · The Psalms of Islam · Book of Fundamentals · The Book in Scholar's Lieu · Civilization of Laws · The Certainty · Book of Sulaym ibn Qays · Oceans of Light · Wasael ush-Shia · Reality of Certainty · Keys of Paradise
Related topics

Criticism

He supported the ideals of Iran's Islamic Revolution and advocated the corresponding Islamic movement in Lebanon. In his sermons, he called for armed resistance to the Israeli occupations of Lebanon, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip, along with opposition to the existence of Israel. He held relatively liberal views on the status of women.

US foreign policy

He has asked for a boycott of American products.

All American and Israeli goods and products should be boycotted in a way that undermines American and Israeli interests so as to act as deterrence to their war against Muslims and Islam that is being waged under the pretense of fighting terrorism.
This boycott should become an overwhelming trend that makes these two states feel that their economies are in a real and actual danger.[34]

In November 2007, Fadlallah accused the United States of trying to sabotage the election in Lebanon: "The insanity of the US president and its administration is reflected in Lebanon by their ambassador pressuring the Lebanese people and preventing them from reaching an agreement over the presidential election."[35]

Though he welcomed the election of Barack Obama as the American president, the following year he expressed disappointment with Obama's lack of progress in the Middle East peace process saying he appeared to have no plan to bring peace to the region.[36]

9/11 criticism

Despite his criticism of U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East, he condemned the September 11 attacks in the United States as acts of terror.[18][37][38]

Holocaust

In an interview with Al-Manar TV on March 21, 2008 (as translated by the MEMRI), Fadlallah stated that:

"The Hebrew state is preparing to celebrate its 60th anniversary – 60 years since it plundered Palestine – in a festival, which will be attended by the countries of the world, most of which still support the Jewish state and consider the resistance movement to be terrorism. This is what led German Chancellor Merkel to visit that plundering country, which extorted and continues to extort Germany, using as a pretext the German Hitlerist-Nazi past, and the placing of the Jews in a holocaust. Zionism has inflated the number of victims in this holocaust beyond imagination. They say there were six million Jews – not six million, not three million, or anything like that... But the world accepted this [figure], and it does not allow anyone to discuss this."[39]

Israel

Fadlallah has made statements in favour of suicide bombings against Israeli citizens. In a 2002 interview with The Daily Telegraph Fadlallah said:

"I was not the one who launched the idea of so-called suicide bombings, but I have certainly argued in favour of them.... [the Palestinians] are in a state of war with Israel. They are not aiming to kill civilians but, in war, civilians do get killed... There is no other way for the Palestinians to push back those mountains, apart from martyrdom operations.[40]

His support for suicide bombings against Israel were based on the grounds that the latter uses advanced weaponry; it was also claimed that he wished that the state of Israel would cease to exist.[3]

Following the Mercaz HaRav massacre, Fadlallah called the attack "heroic."[41] Western sources also cite his favour for suicide bombings against Israeli citizens.[3][42][43] Fadlallah explained the religious basis for suicide attacks in an interview with The Daily Star.[44]

In September 2009, Fadlallah issued a fatwa banning normalisation of ties with Israel.[45] He also objected to any territorial settlement, saying "The entire land of Palestine within its historical borders is one Arab-Islamic country and no one has right to spare on[e] inch of it."[45] Another English translation (from the Arabic in Al Akhbar) has been given in The Daily Middle East Reporter (Beirut, Lebanon).[46]

Wilayat al-Faqih

Despite his ties with the Islamic Republic of Iran, Fadlallah distanced himself from Khomeini legacy of Veleyat-e Faqih as theocratic rule by Islamic clerics was said to argue that "no Shia religious leader, not even Khomeini ... has a monopoly on the truth."[38][47] He also first endorsed Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani rather than Ayatollah Ali Khamenei as the marja for Shia in matters of religion, before claiming the role for himself.[48] In an 2009 interview, Fadlallah said that he does not believe wilayat al-faqih has a role in modern Lebanon.[49]

Women

Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah was known for his relatively liberal views on women, [50] such as that they are equal to men. He believed that women have just as much of a responsibility towards society as men do, and women should be role models for both men and women.[51] Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah also believed that women have the same exact ability as men to fight their inner weaknesses.[52][53] He saw Hijab as something that makes a man see a woman not as a sex object, but instead as a human being. He believes that women should cover their entire body except for their face and hands, and that they should avoid wearing excessive make-up when they go out in public.[54]

Fadlallah also issued a fatwa on the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women that supports the right of a woman to defend herself against any act of violence whether social or physical. The fatwa reaffirms the rights of women, both at their workplace and at home, and states that Islam forbids men from exercising any form of violence against women and forbids men from depriving women of their legal rights. In his words "physical violence in which women are beaten, proves that these men are weak, for only the weak are in need of unjust violence".[55] He also issued fatwas forbidding female circumcision and honour killings.[50]

Abortion

He was opposed to abortion in most cases; however, when the women is in an abnormal amount of danger by the pregnancy, he believed it was permissible.[56]

Controversial views with other Shia scholars

Fadlallah held some controversial views regarding Shia doctrine, as espoused in some of his works and speeches. He also issued many fatwas and opinions that courted controversy, for which he was not supported by other eminent Shia scholars, including a representative of Grand Ayatollah al-Sistani[57][58] and Yasser Al-Habib.[59]

Social work

Fadlallah was quoted as saying "We have to improve our education and gain more scientific knowledge. If we do not make the best of our time now, we will not be able to build our future or develop in the Future."[60] In addition to the academic work that Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah did, he also opened up schools, Islamic centres and orphanages:[61]

Schools

  1. The Imam Al-Khoei Orphanage, Beirut (Dawha)
  2. Imam Al-Baqir Secondary school, Beka`a (Hirmil)
  3. Imam Al-Jawed Secondary school, Beka`a (Ali Nahri)
  4. Imam Ali Bin Abi Talib school, South Lebanon (Ma`roub)
  5. Imam Hassan Secondary school, Beirut (Ruwais)
  6. Al-Mujtaba Secondary School, Beirut (Hay Al-Salum)
  7. Imam Ja`afar As-Sadiq school, South Lebanon (Jwaya)
  8. Al-Kauther Secondary school, Beirut (Bir Hassan)
  9. Imam Hussein School, Beka`a (Suh`mour), under construction
  10. Ali Al-Akbar Vocational Institute Beirut (Doha)

Islamic centres

  1. The large Islamic Center, Beirut (Haret Hreik: Consists of the Al-Imamain Hassnian Mosque, the Zah`ra Hall and the Islamic Cultural Center.
  2. Imam Hasan Askari Center Beka`a’(Sira’in)
  3. Imam Hussein Center-Beka`a(Jlala)
  4. Imam Ali Bin Abi Talib center South Lebanon.(AL-Hawzah-Sour)
  5. Ahl Al-Beit Mosque Beka`a’ (Rayak)
  6. Imam Ja’far Al-Sadiq Mosque Beka`a (Hirmil)
  7. Ahl Al-Beit Center, North Lebanon (Tripoli)
  8. Sayyida Zaynab Mosque, Beka`a (Baalbeck)

Orphanages

  1. Imam Al-Khoei Orphanage (Beirut-Doha)
  2. Imam Zein Al-Abidine (A.S.) Orphanage Biqaa(Hirmil).
  3. Imam Ali Bin Abi Talib (A.S.) Orphanage, South Lebanon. (The Ma`roub-Sour road)
  4. Virgin Mary Orphanage (A.S.) South Lebanon(Jiwaya).
  5. Al- Sayyida Khadijah Al-Kubraa (A.S.) Orphanage, Beirut (Bir-Hassan).
  6. The Zaynab (A.S.) Orphanage West Biqaa (Suh`mour) Under construction.

Death

He had been hospitalized several times in the months before his death suffering from internal bleeding.[62] His frailty was also a reason for his inability to deliver Friday sermons in the weeks preceding his death.[63] Fadlallah's Media Office announced his death at Al-Hassanein Mosque in the southern Beirut suburb of Haret Hureik on July 4, 2010 at the age of 74.[36] His office said the funeral was scheduled for July 6 at 13:30 p.m. leaving from his house to be buried in Al-Hasanein Mosque. His family members then started to receive condolences at the Hassanein mosque.[64]

The day was also declared by Lebanon as a day of national mourning.[65] The cabinet’s General Secretariat said all public institutions and administrations, headquarters of municipalities, private and public schools and universities would be closed. The Lebanese flag would be lowered to half-mast in public institutions and administration, and the headquarters of municipalities. Radio and television programmes would also be "adjusted in line with the painful occasion."[63]

At his funeral his supporters carried his body around Shia neighbourhoods in southern Beirut. They then marched to the spot of his 1985 assassination attempt before returning to Imam Rida Mosque where he was laid to rest. Thousands of mourners gathered at the mosque for prayer services before the funeral procession. Delegations included representatives from Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Syria and Iran.[66] Thousands of his followers also gathered outside his mosque in Haret Hreik. Al-Manar broadcasted the funeral. They said that during his funeral thousands of his followers took part in his funeral, and told "his eminence for the last time their 'own secrets' and vowing to stay committed to his path. They told him that even if he has passed away, he will remain the ideal and the model for them, that even if he has died, his eminence will remain a great man in the eyes of all those who had the chance to know him, and his views will continue to circulate from one generation to another."[67] It also added that his followers "launched a school of beliefs and thoughts, a school that would always be committed to the main causes of Islam, from Jihad to Resistance, and face all foreign threats against the region." It claimed that he "committed to the central cause, Palestine, calling to fight occupation through all possible means. His eminence issued different 'fatwa's calling to fight Israel and boycott American goods and ban normalizing of relations, and was a 'true supporter' of Islamic unity all over his life. In his last moments before his death, Sayyed Fadlullah was still preoccupied with the cause. He was asking about the dawn prayers and telling his nurse that he wouldn't rest before Israel's vanishing."[68]

Reactions

See also

References

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